#630 ITRA Level 1C Emergency Motorcycle Theory TEST ONLY - International Technical Rescue Association

Though agencies may have different procedures, it is reasonable to expect when using warning devices (lights and/or sirens) that:

Turning off warning devices (emergency lights/siren) when entering a road tunnel may minimize unpredictable behaviour of drivers.
Other road users will always be seen and heard if the warning devices are fitted and use a blue or red lens.
Turning on warning devices (emergency lights/siren) when entering a road tunnel may encourage the vehicles ahead to speed up to improve response safety.
It is best to activate the siren before the emergency lights/beacons.

What statement defines “acceleration sense” correctly?

The ability to vary machine speed in response to changing environmental conditions by appropriate use of the throttle, to minimize or eliminate the need to use brakes.
The ability to maintain machine speed despite changing environmental conditions by static use of the throttle, to minimize or eliminate the need to use brakes and improve fuel efficiency.
The physiological awareness of subcutaneous pressure sensors to adjust rider performance (also known as seat-of-the-pants sense).
The electronic diagnostic system that alerts the rider through audible or visual alarms of throttle malfunction or inefficiency.

For most motorcycles, the average contact patch of the tyre with the road is the size as a hand. What statement is correct in regards to the “contact patch” when riding?

The patch equally distributes cornering, accelerating and braking forces.
The patch has to share cornering forces and accelerating/braking forces.
The patch provides a standard ratio of 70:30 cornering to accelerating/decelerating forces in most environments.
The the more grip used for braking, the less available for acceleration.

Motorcycle manufactures are constantly seeking ways to improve machine safety, anti-lock braking, linked braking and traction control to name a few. What statement is correct in regards to ABS or Anti-lock Braking Systems on motorcycles?

ABS increases grip on the road.
In limited circumstances a machine equipped with ABS can stop in a shorter distance than if the wheels were locked up.
ABS can help the rider to brake strongly when the wheels are locked up.
ABS controls excess wheel slip.

In respect to emergency response motorcycles, what is “traction control”?

A system that controls excess wheel slip.
A linked system between wheels to activate brakes by one the brakes from one control.
A system that retains tyre grip during hazards or emergency braking.
A system that locks the rate of spin to be the same when used in off-road conditions.

The “lifesaver check” is used in emergency response motorcycle riding to:

Provide a “last minute” check of the rider’s “blind spot” before executing an manoeuvre.
Provides a final check before your commence your ride of the brakes and any semi-autonomous safety systems.
Provides confirmation a first aid kit is fitted and available on the response motorcycle.
Provides confirmation a defibrillator (AED) is fitted and available on the response motorcycle.

What statement is true in respect to the effects of road camber when riding?

Positive cambers help cornering
Negative cambers help cornering
Bi-lateral cambers help cornering
Crown cambers provide the best cornering

While riding to an emergency under lights and siren, you see a horse being ridden up ahead on the road. You should?

Sound your horn as well to give the horse rider sufficient warning to move out of the way, maintain speed and purpose.
Immediately turn off warning devices (light/siren), reduce speed, and pass with a wide berth.
Turn off the siren, but maintain warning beacons/lights and pass with a wide berth.
Wave your left hand up and down as you approach as this is the recognised signal to horse riders to vacate safely.

Riders should avoid riding through water whenever possible, however if a rider decides to enter water what action does NOT make such entry safe or efficient?

Engage first gear and keep the engine running fast by slipping the clutch.
Riding through at a slow consistent speed (i.e. walking pace)
Use a high gear and slowly increase throttle as moving through the water.
Keep the motorcycle in the upright position.

While riding in wet weather, “positioning for advantage” would favour what position near junctions on sealed roads?

Nearside
Central
Offside
Far side

Road surfaces play a big part in potential skid situations, there are numerous road conditions to look for when riding. Which surface is less likely to contribute to skidding?

Dry loose dust or gravel
Man hole covers
Road markings
Asphalt

When riding a motorcycle, what causes a skid?

When the grip of tyres on the road becomes less than the force or forces acting on the machine.
When tyres glide on shiny surfaces on the road
When applying emergency braking, the tyres lock up.
All of these

As a general guide, to ensure you drive with sufficient following distance behind other vehicles you should use:

The “two second” rule
The 10-2 o’clock position.
The half “limit point” method
The calculation of speed divided by four, times by risk factor.

When driving at night time, what statements are examples of good practice?

Keep your speed down when exiting a brightly lit environment to allow eyes to adjust.
The use of yellow tape over interior vehicle lights or headlamps is recommended to prevent loss of night vision.
Drive with red tinted emergency response driving glasses (certified to CE standards)
Ensure any visual display units including mobile data terminals or satellite navigation systems are turned to their brightest setting to force ocular adjustment.

When entering (not before or after) a corner the speed of the vehicle should be:

Accelerating
Decelerating
At neutral speed
In neutral gear

What is vehicle dynamics?

Forces placed on a vehicle through speed and direction.
The amount of tire contact on the road.
The high centre of gravity in a vehicle.
The maximum velocity not to be exceeded for the vehicle.

Processing information is critical during emergency response driving/riding. Drivers/riders should constantly apply what acronym used in the system of car/motorcycle control?

TUG – Take, Use, Give Information.
SMUG – Store, Take, Use, Give Information.
STOP – Stop, Think, Options, Plan.
SMART – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.

Using the system of car or motorcycle control, what are the four phases used in conjunction with processing information?

Position, Speed, Gear, Acceleration.
Take, Use, Give.
Preparation, Entry, Transitional, Exit.
Phase 1, 2, 3, 4.

What term is commonly referred to, during emergency response driving where the driver is focusing on some specific goal and not their driving, and they have become physiologically and emotionally distracted.

Red mist
Blue mist
Tunnel vision
Red haze

What human factors can negatively affect emergency driver performance?

Fatigue
Alcohol consumption
Stress
All of these

What are the human factor risks for emergency drivers?

Distractions
Stress
Time pressures
Risk taking
All of these

The ‘limit point’ when driving is best described as:

The fastest speed that you believe your car will go.
The furthermost area of road driving surface that you can see ahead.
The furthermost point that you can see the road behind you.
The highest revolutions that your vehicle engine can go (i.e. RPM).

When recognising that you are getting tired when driving, the best course of action is to:

Pull over and take a rest.
Supplement food with high caffeine drinks.
Turn the heater on in the car (or for riders, place heating pad inside jacket)
Increase your speed to get to your destination faster.

When driving through deep snow:

Shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the vehicle moving.
Accelerate heavily into the snow.
Come to a complete stop prior to entering the snow and then accelerate slowly.
Shift into a higher gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the vehicle moving.

Where there is an area of loose metal, sand or mud on a corner a skid can quickly occur.

These situations should be corrected in the following manner:

Do not brake. Gently lift your foot off the accelerator (or reduce throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Gently apply the accelerator (throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Brake. Gently apply the accelerator (throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Gently apply the accelerator (throttle), but sharply steer back onto the sealed road surface before loosing traction.

Every driver should aim to drive and control the vehicle in such a way that skidding never occurs, this is not always possible when roads are covered with snow or ice. If such conditions exist, the driver should:

Reduce speed accordingly and be alert for any hazard.
Accelerate and maintain wheel rotation to allow for better steering response.
Maintain a neutral speed.
Preemptively commence manual cadence braking.

What best describes ITRA?

A corporate business responsible to set standards for the rescue industry
A non-profit trade association to support global qualifications and standards for technical rescue
A global technical rescue training provider
A trade association for industrial rope access

Incident Command Systems (ICS) typically include the following functional areas:

Transport, food, water, and clothing
Vertical rescue, swiftwater rescue, confined space, and urban search and rescue
Multi-band radio networks, terrestrial and satellite telephone networks, internet LAN/WAN based communications
Operations, planning, logistics, control/command.

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