#624 ITRA Level 1A Emergency Driving Theory TEST ONLY - International Technical Rescue Association

Though agencies may have different procedures, it is reasonable to expect when using warning devices (lights and/or sirens) that:

Turning off warning devices (emergency lights/siren) when entering a road tunnel may minimize unpredictable behaviour of drivers.
Other road users will always be seen and heard if the warning devices are fitted and use a blue or red lens.
Turning on warning devices (emergency lights/siren) when entering a road tunnel may encourage the vehicles ahead to speed up to improve response safety.
It is best to activate the siren before the emergency lights/beacons.

As a general guide, to ensure you drive with sufficient following distance behind other vehicles you should use:

The “two second” rule
The 10-2 o’clock position.
The half “limit point” method
The calculation of speed divided by four, times by risk factor.

When driving at night time, what statements are examples of good practice?

Keep your speed down when exiting a brightly lit environment to allow eyes to adjust.
The use of yellow tape over interior vehicle lights or headlamps is recommended to prevent loss of night vision.
Drive with red tinted emergency response driving glasses (certified to CE standards)
Ensure any visual display units including mobile data terminals or satellite navigation systems are turned to their brightest setting to force ocular adjustment.

In most cases, the deployment of SRS airbags in a vehicle is reliant on a number of sensors. What statement is correct in relation to vehicle airbags?

Airbags may not always deploy in a collision depending on the variables of the impact.
Airbags also deploy when water is detected in the event of sudden water immersion.
Providing the vehicle remains stationery following a collision, the airbags are prevented from activation.
Airbags remain inflated for at least 5 minutes after they are activated.

The recommended course of action if your vehicle (or motorcycle) starts to aquaplane, is to:

Turn the steering wheel (handle bars) to the opposite direction you want to go
Accelerate (or open throttle) to gain traction
Wait for ABS to initiate
Keep steering straight, remove pressure from the accelerator (or gradually close the throttle)

Common examples of PPE interference when performing emergency response driving include:

PPE accidentally moving into the drivers foot well interfering with pedal controls.
PPE stored on the dashboard moving side to side becoming a distraction.
PPE being worn (such as vests) interfering with seat belt operation and fitting.
All of these

With vehicles fitted with Traction Control, if this system is activated to control excess individual wheel spin when pulling away from being stationary (stopped), you should:

Increase pressure on the accelerator to gain traction.
Brake hard and apply continual pressure to activate ABS
Reduce pressure on the accelerator to gain traction
Apply the handbrake to stabilize the vehicle’s movement.

Activating ABS requires the driver to depress the brake as far as possible and keep it there, this will allow the driver to:

Come to a stop before colliding with a hazard.
Steer through or past a hazard.
Avoid leaving the road.
Unlock their safety belts in preparation for an early vehicle exit.

What statement reflects best practice in holding/operating a steering wheel for emergency response driving?

Hold the steering wheel with palms on the rim; thumbs not wrapped around the wheel; use pull-push method to turn.
Using the pull-push method allow the arms and hands to cross each other when operating at high speed.
Ensure the one-hand pivot method is practiced at low speeds before applying at higher speeds so radios and warning devices can be operated.
Stabilising the steering wheel with your knee is advanced but safe technique is mastered under supervision prior to use when driving urgently.

When entering (not before or after) a corner the speed of the vehicle should be:

Accelerating
Decelerating
At neutral speed
In neutral gear

What driving inputs can contribute to loss of control of a vehicle?

Harsh steering
Harsh braking
Harsh acceleration
All of these

What is vehicle dynamics?

Forces placed on a vehicle through speed and direction.
The amount of tire contact on the road.
The high centre of gravity in a vehicle.
The maximum velocity not to be exceeded for the vehicle.

Processing information is critical during emergency response driving/riding. Drivers/riders should constantly apply what acronym used in the system of car/motorcycle control?

TUG – Take, Use, Give Information.
SMUG – Store, Take, Use, Give Information.
STOP – Stop, Think, Options, Plan.
SMART – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.

Using the system of car or motorcycle control, what are the four phases used in conjunction with processing information?

Position, Speed, Gear, Acceleration.
Take, Use, Give.
Preparation, Entry, Transitional, Exit.
Phase 1, 2, 3, 4.

What term is commonly referred to, during emergency response driving where the driver is focusing on some specific goal and not their driving, and they have become physiologically and emotionally distracted.

Red mist
Blue mist
Tunnel vision
Red haze

What human factors can negatively affect emergency driver performance?

Fatigue
Alcohol consumption
Stress
All of these

What are the human factor risks for emergency drivers?

Distractions
Stress
Time pressures
Risk taking
All of these

When cornering, the best method is to:

Change gear, brake, move wide then accelerate out after the apex.
Brake, move wide, change gear then accelerate out after the apex.
Move wide, brake, change gear then accelerate out after the apex.
None of the above.

When exiting a corner the best point to accelerate is:

At or after the apex.
Before the apex.
4 meters (14 feet) after the apex.
Before and after the apex.

The ‘limit point’ when driving is best described as:

The fastest speed that you believe your car will go.
The furthermost area of road driving surface that you can see ahead.
The furthermost point that you can see the road behind you.
The highest revolutions that your vehicle engine can go (i.e. RPM).

When recognising that you are getting tired when driving, the best course of action is to:

Pull over and take a rest.
Supplement food with high caffeine drinks.
Turn the heater on in the car (or for riders, place heating pad inside jacket)
Increase your speed to get to your destination faster.

What statement is FALSE in regards to water as a hazard when driving?

After exiting water such as a creek or ford, it is good practice to pump/test the brakes to ensure they are dry and responsive.
Correctly installed snorkels allow vehicles to exceed their maximum wading depth safely.
Most vehicles will sink within 1-2 minutes after entering deep water.
Driving through flood water should be avoided as it is difficult to ascertain underwater hazards.

When driving on soft surfaces such as sand:

Don’t make sharp turns as the front tyres could dig in and cause the vehicle to roll.
Increase vehicle speed to help from sinking into the sand.
Utilize the handbrake for tighter turns and activate hazard lights to maximise safety
Undo your seatbelt so you can quickly escape the vehicle if required.

When driving through deep snow:

Shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the vehicle moving.
Accelerate heavily into the snow.
Come to a complete stop prior to entering the snow and then accelerate slowly.
Shift into a higher gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the vehicle moving.

Where there is an area of loose metal, sand or mud on a corner a skid can quickly occur.

These situations should be corrected in the following manner:

Do not brake. Gently lift your foot off the accelerator (or reduce throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Gently apply the accelerator (throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Brake. Gently apply the accelerator (throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Gently apply the accelerator (throttle), but sharply steer back onto the sealed road surface before loosing traction.

Every driver should aim to drive and control the vehicle in such a way that skidding never occurs, this is not always possible when roads are covered with snow or ice. If such conditions exist, the driver should:

Reduce speed accordingly and be alert for any hazard.
Accelerate and maintain wheel rotation to allow for better steering response.
Maintain a neutral speed.
Preemptively commence manual cadence braking.

What is the correct statement in relation to escaping a vehicle that is sinking in deep water?

Undo your seat-belt, open or break the window, and exit via the window immediately.
Keep calm and use your mobile phone to call your local emergency service (i.e. 911, 000, 111 etc).
Hold your breath and let the water fill up and once the pressure has equalised, open the door and escape.
Remove jeans or boots, move to the rear seat and wait for the water to fill the cabin up before exiting.

Where is ITRA legally constituted?

Wellington, New Zealand
Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
New York, USA
London, UK

What best describes ITRA?

A corporate business responsible to set standards for the rescue industry
A non-profit trade association to support global qualifications and standards for technical rescue
A global technical rescue training provider
A trade association for industrial rope access

Incident Command Systems (ICS) typically include the following functional areas:

Transport, food, water, and clothing
Vertical rescue, swiftwater rescue, confined space, and urban search and rescue
Multi-band radio networks, terrestrial and satellite telephone networks, internet LAN/WAN based communications
Operations, planning, logistics, control/command.

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